|
The Cold War (1947–1953) is the period within the Cold War from the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to the conclusion of the Korean War in 1953. The Cold War began almost immediately following World War II and lasted through most of the 20th century. ==Creation of the Eastern Bloc== (詳細はWorld War II, the Soviet Union annexed several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Most of those countries had been ceded to it by the secret agreement portion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.〔Encyclopædia Britannica, ''German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact'', 2008〕〔(''Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact'' ), executed August 23, 1939〕 These later annexed territories include Eastern Poland (incorporated into two different SSRs), Latvia (became Latvian SSR),〔〔Senn, Alfred Erich, ''Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above'', Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 ISBN 978-90-420-2225-6〕 Estonia (became Estonian SSR),〔〔 Lithuania (became Lithuanian SSR),〔〔 part of eastern Finland (became part of the Karelo-Finnish SSR)〔Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, ''Stalin's Cold War'', New York: Manchester University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-7190-4201-1〕 and northern Romania (became the Moldavian SSR). Several of the other countries it occupied that were not directly annexed into the Soviet Union became Soviet satellite states. In East Germany after local election losses, a forced merger of political parties in the Socialist Unity Party ("SED"), followed by elections in 1946 where political opponents were oppressed. In the non-USSR annexed portion of Poland, less than a third of Poland's population voted in favor of massive communist land reforms and industry nationalizations〔Curp, David, ''A Clean Sweep?: The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing in Western Poland, 1945–1960'', Boydell & Brewer, 2006, ISBN 1-58046-238-3, pages 66–69〕 in a policies referendum known as "3 times YES" (''3 razy TAK''; ''3xTAK''), whereupon a second vote rigged election was held to get the desired result.〔Tom Buchanan, ''Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000: 1945–2000'', Blackwell Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-631-22163-8, (Google Print, p.84 )〕〔(A brief history of Poland: Chapter 13: The Post-War Years, 1945–1990 ). Polonia Today Online. Retrieved on 28 March 2007.〕〔("Poland." ) Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 7 April 2007〕 Fraudulent Polish elections held in January 1947 resulted in Poland's official transformation to the People's Republic of Poland. The List of World Leaders at the Beginning of these Years are as follows: 1947- Clement Attlee (UK); Harry Truman (US); Vincent Auriol (France); Joseph Stalin (USSR); Chiang Kai-Shek (Allied China) 1948- Clement Attlee (UK); Harry Truman (US); Vincent Auriol (France); Joseph Stalin (USSR); Mao Zedong (China) 1949- Clement Attlee (UK): Harry Truman (US); Vincent Auriol (France); Joseph Stalin (USSR); Mao Zedong (China) 1950- Clement Attlee (UK); Harry Truman (US); Vincent Auriol (France); Joseph Stalin (USSR); Mao Zedong (China) 1951- Clement Attlee (UK); Harry Truman (US); Vincent Auriol (France); Joseph Stalin (USSR); Mao Zedong (China) 1952- Winston Churchill (UK); Harry Truman (US); Vincent Auriol (France); Joseph Stalin (USSR); Mao Zedong (China) 1953- Winston Churchill (UK); Harry Truman (US); Vincent Auriol (France); Joseph Stalin (USSR); Mao Zedong (China) In Hungary, when the Soviets installed a communist government, Mátyás Rákosi was appointed General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party,〔Sugar, Peter F., Peter Hanak and Tibor Frank, ''A History of Hungary'', Indiana University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-253-20867-X, page 375-77〕 which began one of the harshest dictatorships in Europe〔Granville, Johanna, ''The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956'', Texas A&M University Press, 2004. ISBN 1-58544-298-4〕〔Gati, Charles, ''Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt'', Stanford University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-8047-5606-6, page 9-12〕 under the People's Republic of Hungary. In Bulgaria, toward the end of World War II, the Soviet Union crossed the border and created the conditions for a communist coup d'état on the following night. The Soviet military commander in Sofia assumed supreme authority, and the communists whom he instructed, including Kimon Georgiev (who was not a communist himself, but a member of the elitarian political organization "Zveno", working together with the communists), took full control of domestic politics〔 in the People's Republic of Bulgaria. With Soviet backing, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia in the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948, ushering in a dictatorship. In the Romanian general election elections of 1946, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) employed widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud to obtain 80 percent of the vote and, thereafter, eliminated the role of the centrist parties and forced mergers, the result of which was that, by 1948, most non-Communist politicians were either executed, in exile or in prison. In the December 1945 Albanian election, the only effective ballot choices were those of the communist Democratic Front (Albania), led by Enver Hoxha.〔 In 1946, Albania was declared the People's Republic of Albania. Initially, Stalin directed systems in the Eastern Bloc countries that rejected Western institutional characteristics of market economies, democratic governance (dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. They were economically communist and depended upon the Soviet Union for significant amounts of materials. While in the first five years following World War II, massive emigration from these states to the West occurred, restrictions implemented thereafter stopped most East-West migration, except that under limited bilateral and other agreements. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cold War (1947–53)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|